1) [t] final sound
Verbs ending in voiceless sounds [p, k, θ, f, s, ʃ, tʃ] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as the voiceless [t] (with no vocal chord vibration).
- [p] “He popped a balloon.” [papt]
- [k] “They talked a lot” [takt]
- [θ] “th”: “She frothed a cup of milk” [frawθt]
- [f] “I laughed at the movie.” [læft]
- [s] “She kissed a frog.” [kIst]
- [ʃ] “sh”: “We brushed it off.” [bruʃt]
- [tʃ] “ch”: “I reached around for it.” [riytʃt]
2) [d] final sound
Verbs ending in the voiced sounds [b, g, ð, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as a voiced [d].
- [b] “It bobbed up and down.” [babd]
- [g] “He begged her to stay.” [bɛgd]
- [ð] “She breathed loudly.” [briyðd]
- [v] “They loved it.” [luvd]
- [z] “We raised her expectations.” [reyzd]
- [dʒ] “They bridged the gap.” [brIdʒd]
- [m] “I claimed it was mine.” [kleymd]
- [n] “They banned new members.” [bænd]
- [ŋ] “She banged into the chair.” [bæŋd]
- [r] “He cleared it up.” [kliyrd]
- [l] “I rolled up the paper.” [rowld]
3) [ɪd] final sound
Verbs ending in the sounds [t] or [d] will cause the “-ed” ending of a verb to be pronounced as the syllable [ɪd].
- [t] “She edited the research paper.” [ɛdɪtɪd]
- [d] “We ended the game early.” [ɛndɪd]
- [d] “He breaded the chicken.” [brɛdɪd]
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